Newcomer, immigrant and refugee communities

Nadia Rahimi, a settlement counselor at the Port Ardent Newcomer Center on Mercer Street, joins the eighth class. She came to the United States as a refugee from Afghanistan as a teenager. She tells the class about a woman she worked with last year who had been beaten by her husband for months before anyone called the police. 'She was afraid of three things,' Rahimi says. 'That she would be deported. That the police would take her children. And that the police in her new country would be like the police in her old one, where you did not go to them for help. None of those fears was true. But nobody had told her.'

Who newcomers are

About one in seven people in the United States was born in another country. Immigrants arrive through different paths, including family sponsorship, employment, refugee resettlement and asylum, and temporary visas for students and workers, and millions of people live in the country without lawful status. Their legal status affects their rights, their access to services and their fears. A lawful permanent resident can be removed after certain criminal convictions; a person on a temporary visa depends on its conditions; and a person without status may fear that any contact with government will lead to detention and removal.

Port Ardent has changed over the last fifteen years. The 2021 census and the city's own data show that about one in five residents was born outside the country, many of them in the Eastgate neighborhood, where the Lindell Avenue apartment towers house families from South Asia, the Middle East, East Africa, Latin America and Ukraine. More than 50 languages are spoken in the city, and the Port Ardent call center uses a telephone interpretation service for callers who do not speak English.

Desjardins reminds the class that newcomers are not one group. A software engineer recruited from India, a Syrian family who spent years in a refugee camp, a Ukrainian mother and her children who fled war, a Mexican farmworker on a seasonal permit and an international student from Nigeria have very different experiences, needs and views of the police. What they share is that they are learning how institutions work in a new country, often in a new language, and that many arrive with experiences of police that make them wary.

Barriers to trust and reporting

Research and the experience of settlement workers identify several barriers that keep newcomers from calling police or cooperating with them.

• Fear of immigration consequences: many newcomers fear that contact with police will affect their status or that of a family member, even when it will not.
• Experience of police elsewhere: people who come from countries where police are corrupt, violent or used for political repression may assume the worst.
• Language: people who cannot explain what happened, or understand what an officer is saying, may avoid contact or be misunderstood.
• Unfamiliar systems: newcomers may not know what police do, what is a crime, what their rights are, or how to complain.
• Family and community pressure: in some families and communities, involving outsiders in family matters is seen as shameful, especially in cases of family violence.
• Economic dependence: workers whose permits are tied to an employer, or spouses who depend on a sponsor, may fear losing their livelihood or status if they report.

Rahimi adds a seventh: the fear of being treated with suspicion. She says many of her clients from Muslim-majority countries remember the period after the September 11 attacks, when they or their relatives felt treated as security threats rather than as members of the community, and that every news story about a police incident involving a newcomer is shared quickly in community groups.

Immigration status and the police role

In the United States, immigration enforcement is a federal responsibility carried out mainly by Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Customs and Border Protection. State and local police may cooperate in several ways: under 287(g) agreements, which train and authorize local officers to perform some immigration functions; by honoring detainer requests, which ask a jail to hold a person for immigration authorities; and by sharing information. Some states and cities limit cooperation through sanctuary policies, while others, such as Texas and Florida, require it, and federal policy on these questions has shifted sharply between administrations. In Arizona v. United States (2012), the Supreme Court struck down parts of an Arizona law that made it a state crime to be in the state without lawful status but allowed the provision requiring officers to check status during lawful stops in some circumstances. New officers must learn their state's law and their department's policy.

Whatever the policy, several principles help. Officers should not suggest that reporting a crime will affect someone's immigration status when it will not. Victims and witnesses who fear immigration consequences are less likely to come forward, which harms everyone. Federal law provides protections for some victims: the U visa is available to victims of certain serious crimes who help law enforcement, and requires a certification from a law enforcement agency, often signed by a designated supervisor; the T visa is available to victims of trafficking; and the Violence Against Women Act allows some abused spouses of citizens or permanent residents to apply for status on their own. Officers should know their department's process for U visa certification requests.

Language access

Communicating across languages is one of the most practical skills in this lesson. When an officer and a person do not share a language, mistakes are easy: a witness's account is misunderstood, a victim's injuries are understated, a suspect does not understand their rights. Agencies that receive federal funds have obligations under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act to avoid discrimination based on national origin, which has long been interpreted to require reasonable steps to provide meaningful access for people with limited English proficiency. Federal guidance on those obligations has changed in recent years, and in 2025 an executive order designated English as the official language and revoked an earlier order on language access, but Title VI itself, state laws and department policies still apply. Miranda warnings must be understood to be valid, and courts examine whether a person with limited English knowingly waived their rights.

Desjardins gives the class Port Ardent's rules. Use a qualified interpreter, in person or by phone, for any statement that matters: a victim's or witness's account, a suspect's interview, the explanation of rights. Do not use children as interpreters, except in an emergency to get basic information, because they may be frightened, may not understand, may be pressured or may be harmed by what they hear. Be cautious about using family members, neighbors or other officers who speak the language: they may have their own interests or lack the vocabulary, and in family violence cases using a relative can be dangerous. Speak to the person, not to the interpreter, use short sentences, avoid slang and check understanding by asking the person to explain back in their own words.

Linh, who now works as a call-taker, shows the class data from the Port Ardent call center on calls that needed interpretation in 2025.

# Port Ardent 911 and non-emergency calls needing a telephone interpreter, 2025
calls_by_language = {"Arabic": 412, "Punjabi": 305, "Spanish": 298, "Ukrainian": 236,
                     "Tigrinya": 121, "Dari": 114, "Mandarin": 109, "other languages": 391}
connected_within_2_min = 1702
total = sum(calls_by_language.values())
print("calls needing interpretation:", total)
for lang, n in sorted(calls_by_language.items(), key=lambda kv: -kv[1])[:3]:
    print(" ", lang, n)
print("connected to an interpreter within 2 minutes:", round(connected_within_2_min / total, 2))

calls needing interpretation: 1986
  Arabic 412
  other languages 391
  Punjabi 305
connected to an interpreter within 2 minutes: 0.86

Of 1,986 calls that needed interpretation, 0.86 were connected to an interpreter within two minutes. Linh says the other 0.14 worry her most, because a two-minute delay on an emergency call can matter, and because the languages with the longest waits, such as Tigrinya and Dari, are spoken by some of the newest and most vulnerable residents. The service has since added a second interpretation provider as a backup for those languages.

Family violence and newcomers

Family violence occurs in every community, and newcomers face particular barriers to getting help: isolation from extended family, economic dependence, fear about status and limited knowledge of services. Rahimi says that when police respond to a family violence call in a newcomer family, the most important things they can do are to separate the parties and speak to the victim alone, with a qualified interpreter and not a relative; to explain clearly what will happen next, including any arrest and release conditions; to tell the victim that their immigration status is not affected by reporting, if that is true under the policy that applies; and to connect them with a settlement agency or victim services worker who speaks their language. She says that cultural sensitivity never means accepting violence: officers should apply the law in the same way to every family, while understanding the pressures a victim may face.

Building relationships

Services that have built trust with newcomer communities share some practices. They work with settlement agencies, faith communities and community organizations to explain the role of police, often in sessions held in the community's own language. They recruit officers and civilian staff who reflect the communities served and speak their languages. They create liaison officers or advisory committees for particular communities. They publish information in multiple languages. And they make sure that the first contact newcomers have with police, often as victims or witnesses, goes well. Officer Ferreira runs a session every few months at the Newcomer Center called 'Police in Port Ardent', with Rahimi interpreting, where she explains what police do and do not do, how to call for help, and how to make a complaint.

Hate crimes and community safety

Rahimi tells the class that many newcomer communities fear hate crimes and harassment as much as any other kind of crime, and that the response to a hate-motivated incident shapes how a whole community sees the police. Federal law, including the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009, makes certain violent crimes motivated by race, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability federal crimes, and most states, including Ohio, have their own laws on ethnic intimidation or bias-motivated crime. Officers should ask about motivation, record any words, symbols or other evidence of bias, and make sure the incident is classified correctly, because underreporting and misclassification are common. Victims of hate crimes often feel that the attack was aimed at their whole community, so follow-up, information about the investigation and contact with community organizations matter even more than usual.