Colour, audio finishing and delivery

After picture lock comes finishing: colour correction and grading, cleaning and mixing the sound, measuring loudness, adding captions, exporting the right files and checking them before delivery. Photographers usually feel at home with colour, and they have an advantage clients appreciate: they can make a video match the look of the stills set from the same job. Audio finishing, loudness standards and captions are newer territory. This lesson walks through a finishing workflow for hybrid deliverables. CINE-310 covers professional colour grading in depth, CINE-202 covers log and colour management, and CINE-430 covers broadcast and streaming delivery, HDR mastering and quality control; this lesson gives a hybrid shooter what is needed for typical web, social and corporate delivery.

Correction first, then grading

Colour work happens in two stages. Correction makes footage technically right and consistent: converting log to a display colour space, setting exposure and contrast, neutralizing white balance and matching shots within a scene so that cuts do not jump in brightness or colour. Grading creates the look: the overall mood, palette, contrast style and any stylization. Doing correction first avoids building a look on top of inconsistent shots.

For log footage, start by converting to the delivery colour space, usually Rec. 709 for standard dynamic range web and corporate delivery. Use the camera manufacturer's conversion LUT or, better, a colour space transform in the editing software that understands the camera's log curve and gamut. A conversion LUT applied after exposure adjustment preserves highlights better than one applied blindly. Avoid creative LUTs downloaded as shortcuts until the footage is correctly normalized; they assume a specific starting point and can clip highlights or distort skin.

Scopes in finishing

The waveform shows brightness by position, the RGB parade shows red, green and blue separately (useful for spotting colour casts in highlights and shadows), and the vectorscope shows hue and saturation as a circular plot. Most vectorscopes include a skin tone line, a diagonal along which human skin of all tones tends to fall, because the hue of skin is similar across people even though brightness and saturation vary. If a face sits well off the line, the white balance or grade has probably pushed it too green or too magenta. CINE-310 explains these tools in more detail.

Matching stills and video looks

Clients notice when the film from a job looks different from the photographs. Matching is part of the hybrid shooter's value. Aim for consistent white balance, contrast and palette rather than identical processing, because stills and video differ in dynamic range, sharpening and compression. A practical method is to grade a hero still first, then match a frame of video to it side by side using the scopes and your eye, save that grade as a look for the video project, and refine per scene. Some photo editors can export colour adjustments as LUTs for video software, which is a useful starting point but rarely a perfect match because the underlying images differ. Keep skin tones and brand colours consistent above all; small differences in mood matter less.

Audio finishing

Audio finishing turns the edit's rough sound into a clean, balanced mix. The usual order is: clean dialogue by removing clicks, hum and background noise with care (heavy noise reduction makes voices sound watery); equalize dialogue to reduce boominess or harshness, often with a gentle low cut below about 80 Hz; compress dialogue lightly so quiet and loud words are more even; balance dialogue, natural sound, effects and music so speech is always clear, typically with music ducked well below speech; add fades at the start and end of clips; then measure and adjust overall loudness.

Mix on decent headphones and check on a phone speaker and a laptop, because most viewers will hear the piece on small speakers. Music that sounds balanced on studio headphones often overwhelms dialogue on a phone.

Loudness standards

Loudness is measured in LUFS (loudness units relative to full scale), also written as LKFS; the two terms describe the same measurement. Integrated loudness is the average over the whole programme; true peak is the maximum level after accounting for peaks between digital samples, measured in dBTP. Broadcasters must meet specific loudness targets, and streaming and social platforms usually normalize playback toward their own targets, turning loud files down and sometimes quiet files up.

In Canada, the CRTC requires television broadcasters to apply the ATSC A/85 recommended practice to commercials, which targets an integrated loudness of −24 LKFS, so that advertisements are not louder than programmes; broadcasters' technical specifications for programmes generally use the same target. Many international and European deliveries follow EBU R128 at −23 LUFS. Web platforms such as YouTube normalize playback, commonly toward about −14 LUFS.

For a typical hybrid deliverable intended for websites and social media, a reasonable target is about −14 to −16 LUFS integrated with a true peak no higher than −1 dBTP. If the same piece will air on television, deliver a separate broadcast mix at −24 LKFS with the broadcaster's true-peak limit, typically −2 dBTP, and follow their specification sheet exactly.

def loudness_fix(measured_lufs, measured_tp, target_lufs, tp_ceiling):
    gain = target_lufs - measured_lufs
    new_tp = measured_tp + gain
    limit = max(0.0, new_tp - tp_ceiling)
    return gain, new_tp, limit
for target, ceiling in [(-14, -1), (-16, -1), (-24, -2)]:
    g, tp, lim = loudness_fix(-20.5, -4.2, target, ceiling)
    print(f'target {target} LUFS: gain {g:+.1f} dB, peak {tp:+.1f} dBTP, limit by {lim:.1f} dB')
for name, mbps, secs in [('1080p web H.264', 12, 90), ('4K web H.265', 35, 90), ('ProRes 422 HQ master 1080p', 220, 90)]:
    print(f'{name:28s} {mbps * secs / 8:7.0f} MB')

target -14 LUFS: gain +6.5 dB, peak +2.3 dBTP, limit by 3.3 dB
target -16 LUFS: gain +4.5 dB, peak +0.3 dBTP, limit by 1.3 dB
target -24 LUFS: gain -3.5 dB, peak -7.7 dBTP, limit by 0.0 dB
1080p web H.264                  135 MB
4K web H.265                     394 MB
ProRes 422 HQ master 1080p      2475 MB

Captions and accessibility

Captions present dialogue and important sounds as text. Closed captions are delivered as a separate file or track that viewers can switch on or off; common formats are SRT and WebVTT for the web and SCC or other formats for broadcast. Open captions are burned into the picture and always visible; they are standard for social clips because many viewers watch muted and some platforms' automatic captions are inconsistent. Captions differ from subtitles, which translate dialogue for viewers who can hear; captions also describe relevant sounds such as music, laughter or a door slamming. Good practice is to keep lines to about 32 to 42 characters, use no more than two lines at a time, keep reading speed comfortable (often around 15 to 20 characters per second), synchronize closely with speech and check spelling of names.

In Canada, Ontario's Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act regulations require larger organizations' websites and web content to meet WCAG 2.0 Level AA, which includes captions for prerecorded video, though live captions and prerecorded audio description are exempt under the Ontario rules. The federal Accessible Canada Act applies to federally regulated organizations, and the CRTC sets captioning obligations for broadcasters. In Quebec, the Charter of the French Language requires French in much commercial communication, so clients there may need French captions or versions. Clients often ask for captions in both official languages.

Audio description, a narrated description of important visual information for blind and low-vision viewers, is a further accessibility feature some clients require, particularly public bodies. Mention it when quoting for public-sector clients.

Exporting masters and delivery files

Export a high-quality master first, then make delivery files from it. A master is typically an intra-frame, high-bitrate file such as ProRes 422 HQ or DNxHR HQ at the project's resolution and frame rate, with the final mix. Delivery files for the web are usually H.264 or H.265 in an MP4 container, at bitrates appropriate to resolution: roughly 10 to 16 Mb/s for 1080p and 35 to 45 Mb/s for 4K are common guidelines for uploading to platforms that will re-encode. Keep the frame rate the same as the project; do not convert 24 fps to 30 fps for delivery unless a specification requires it.

Make a deliverables list for each job, naming every file, its aspect ratio, resolution, duration, captions, loudness and destination. A typical hybrid package might include a 90-second 16:9 master and web file, a 60-second 9:16 cut, a 30-second 9:16 cut, a 15-second 4:5 cut, an SRT caption file for each version, burned-in caption versions for social, and a set of graded stills or frame grabs. Use consistent file names such as BakeryCo_Brand_90s_16x9_v3_2026-10-28.mp4.

Quality control before delivery

Watch every delivery file all the way through, from the exported file rather than the timeline, on at least two devices. Check for flash frames (single stray frames at edit points), gaps in audio, typos in titles and captions, correct logos and brand colours, correct durations, black frames at the start and end, loudness and true peak, caption sync and spelling of names. Ask a second person to check if possible; editors become blind to their own errors. Keep a checklist and tick it on every job. CINE-430 covers formal automated and manual QC for broadcast and streaming delivery.

Archiving the project

After delivery, archive the project file, the original media, audio, music licences, graphics, fonts (or font licence information), captions, the master and the delivery files, and a short note describing the software versions used. Agree in the contract how long you will keep the archive and whether the client receives raw footage (lesson 11). Store archives on two media, one off site, as for the shoot backups.